Christianity Essay

Trade and merchants play a major role in Christianity and Islam from their origins to the 1500’s, and even though both had similar attributes yet differed as well. Christians and Islam both had a negative outlook, both had their religious viewpoints, as well as both changed their views towards trade. Despite this, Christianity began to open up to trade, even tolerating it, while Muslims became stricter on merchants and trade. Furthermore, Both Islam and Christianity had a negative attitudes for instance, in the Bible, Jesus preaches to his disciples how a rich man will never reach heaven. This is due to their behavior, for merchants are greedy and lying people whose only content is to get rich, which goes against Christianity’s belief. Moreover, Thomas Aquinas explains how unfair and unjust merchants are for they price their goods higher than what the product actually cost. By the tone of the document as well as how he explains trade and its problems show his dislike. L ikewise Ibn Khaldun describes merchants as weak, and disgusting men and how they negatively affect the government. His tone is harsher however, which indicates his anger towards the merchants. Merchants constants rip-off of the people by selling their goods at a high price as well s giving their all their goods to those who pay more. The Islamic Court in Ankara had to deal with a case in which merchants would give all their cotton to a single person, if they pay extra high price in addition to the merchant’s high prices. Document seven contains quotes from that of the people who have complained about the merchants. Both Christianity and Islam share the same pessimistic attitude towards merchants and trade because of their behavior and how they sell their goods. Anyways, I would have like to see a document from a merchant, it would have help me better indicate if merchants were really sneaky and unfair as spoken in the documents given. Some looked to the Christianity’s and Islam’s beliefs, to determine their view on merchants and trade for both religions impacted all their followers. In the Bible, Jesus says that no rich man will ever reach heaven. The small passage comes from the bible, which heavily every Christians view. Which is also why he emphasized how the quote from the bible and how i t fit into the situation. The Muslim Qur’an also circled around honesty and truthfulness which the Muslims and Muslim merchants had to follow if they wanted to reach paradise. Thomas Aquinas who was also heavily influence by Christianity, and its bible, for he states a line out of the bible. He indicates the bible  because he knows that adding the bible would persuade many of the Christians which was his intended target audience. Reginald, a monk of Durham also says explains the life of Godric and how he became a successful merchant, only to become tired of it and soon devoted himself to God giving away all his possessions to the poor. Reginald’s attended audience was Christian followers, he also helps justify document 1 in Godric went from rich to poor in order to devote himself to god. I would have liked a document from a person not Christian or Islam because it would have allow me to understand how much both religions influence the views of its subjects. Despite the similarities Christianit y religious views seem to rather negative and stricter than the Muslims were lighter and positive. Merchants and trade in the eyes of Christianity and Islam began to change significantly overtime. Ibn Khaldun says how beneficial the merchants are to the capital, for they buy goods in one area, only to sell at a higher price in an area in demand. Which the Qur’an also depicts, however it encourages trade as long as it is fair and truthful. Yet Ibn Khaldun gives us evidence of laws which were established in order to control merchant’s behavior. In addition, document 7 shows how the Islamic court had power over merchants and could affect their behavior as well as. Unlike Islam which began to become stricter, Christianity began look towards it positively, such as, letter C of document 6 describes an order being canceled for English wool, and the consumer seemingly brings god name into it, which suggest the consumer does not think of trade conflicting with Christianity. Which letter A also identify for both letters show how the merchant’s goal is to make a profit, and they see no problem with. In conclusion, Christianity and Islam attitudes towards trade and me rchants were similar in certain aspects as, of the beginning both viewed it negatively, and on a religious level. However, both began to change their views on trade and merchants. For Christianity began approving trade, while Islam began harsher treatment towards trade and merchants.

Second Foundation 17. War

The mayor of the Foundation brushed futilely at the picket fence of hair that rimmed his skull. He sighed. â€Å"The years that we have wasted; the chances we have thrown away. I make no recriminations, Dr. Darell, but we deserve defeat.† Darell said, quietly, â€Å"I see no reason for lack of confidence in events, sir.† â€Å"Lack of confidence! Lack of confidence! By the Galaxy, Dr. Darell, on what would you base any other attitude? Come here-â€Å" He half-led half-forced Darell toward the limpid ovoid cradled gracefully on its tiny force-field support. At a touch of the mayor's hand, it glowed within – an accurate three-dimensional model of the Galactic double-spiral. â€Å"In yellow,† said the mayor, excitedly, â€Å"we have that region of Space under Foundation control; in red, that under Kalgan.† What Darell saw was a crimson sphere resting within a stretching yellow fist that surrounded it on all sides but that toward the center of the Galaxy. â€Å"Galactography,† said the mayor, â€Å"is our greatest enemy. Our admirals make no secret of our almost hopeless, strategic position. Observe. The enemy has inner lines of communication. He is concentrated; can meet us on all sides with equal ease. He can defend himself with minimum force. â€Å"We are expanded. The average distance between inhabited systems within the Foundation is nearly three times that within Kalgan. To go from Santanni to Locris, for instance, is a voyage of twenty-five hundred parsecs for us, but only eight hundred parsecs for them, if we remain within our respective territories-â€Å" Darell said, â€Å"I understand all that, sir.† â€Å"And you do not understand that it may mean defeat.† â€Å"There is more than distance to war. I say we cannot lose. It is quite impossible.† â€Å"And why do you say that?† â€Å"Because of my own interpretation of the Seldon Plan.† â€Å"Oh,† the mayor's lips twisted, and the hands behind his back flapped one within the other, â€Å"then you rely, too, on the mystical help of the Second Foundation.† â€Å"No. Merely on the help of inevitability – and of courage and persistence.† And yet behind his easy confidence, he wondered- What if- Well- What if Anthor were right, and Kalgan were a direct tool of the mental wizards. What if it was their purpose to defeat and destroy the Foundation. No! It made no sense! And yet- He smiled bitterly. Always the same. Always that peering and peering through the opaque granite which, to the enemy, was so transparent. Nor were the galactographic verities of the situation lost upon Stettin. *** The Lord of Kalgan stood before a twin of the Galactic model which the mayor and Darell had inspected. Except that where the mayor frowned, Stettin smiled. His admiral's uniform glistered imposingly upon his massive figure. The crimson sash of the Order of the Mule awarded him by the former First Citizen whom six months later he had replaced somewhat forcefully, spanned his chest diagonally from right shoulder to waist. The Silver Star with Double Comets and Swords sparkled brilliantly upon his left shoulder. He addressed the six men of his general staff whose uniforms were only less grandiloquent than his own, and his First Minister as well, thin and gray – a darkling cobweb, lost in the brightness. Stettin said, â€Å"I think the decisions are clear. We can afford to wait. To them, every day of delay will be another blow at their morale. If they attempt to defend all portions of their realm, they will be spread thin and we can strike through in two simultaneous thrusts here and here.† He indicated the directions on the Galactic model – two lances of pure white shooting through the yellow fist from the red ball it inclosed, cutting Terminus off on either side in a tight arc. â€Å"In such a manner, we cut their fleet into three parts which can be defeated in detail. If they concentrate, they give up two-thirds of their dominions voluntarily and will probably risk rebellion.† The First Minister's thin voice alone seeped through the hush that followed. â€Å"In six months,† he said, â€Å"the Foundation will grow six months stronger. Their resources are greater, as we all know, their navy is numerically stronger; their manpower is virtually inexhaustible. Perhaps a quick thrust would be safer.† His was easily the least influential voice in the room. Lord Stettin smiled and made a flat gesture with his hand. â€Å"The six months – or a year, if necessary – will cost us nothing. The men of the Foundation cannot prepare; they are ideologically incapable of it. It is in their very philosophy to believe that the Second Foundation will save them. But not this time, eh?† The men in the room stirred uneasily. â€Å"You lack confidence, I believe,† said Stettin, frigidly. â€Å"Is it necessary once again to describe the reports of our agents in Foundation territory, or to repeat the findings of Mr. Homir Munn, the Foundation agent now in our†¦ uh†¦ service? Let us adjourn, gentlemen.† Stettin returned to his private chambers with a fixed smile still on his face. He sometimes wondered about this Homir Munn. A queer water-spined fellow who certainly did not bear out his early promise. And yet he crawled with interesting information that carried conviction with it – particularly when Callia was present. His smile broadened. That fat fool had her uses, after all. At least, she got more with her wheedling out of Munn than he could, and with less trouble. Why not give her to Munn? He frowned. Callia. She and her stupid jealousy. Space! If he still had the Darell girl- Why hadn't he ground her skull to powder for that? He couldn't quite put his finger on the reason. Maybe because she got along with Munn. And he needed Munn. It was Munn, for instance, who had demonstrated that, at least in the belief of the Mule, there was no Second Foundation. His admirals needed that assurance. He would have liked to make the proofs public, but it was better to let the Foundation believe in their nonexistent help. Was it actually Callia who had pointed that out? That's right. She had said- Oh, nonsense! She couldn't have said anything. And yet- He shook his head to clear it and passed on.

Chapter 10 Of Patterns Of World History Essay -- Islam, Muhammad, Quran

The Prophet Muhammad is revered by many as the founder of Islam. As von Sivers, Desnoyers and Stow infer, the Quran and Sunna both depict a theology of Mecca and Medina (Yathrib) as the sacred cities where Mohamed would preach the God’s word to pagans (280). Muhammad’s new Religion Islam became an Arab religion that did not recognize the teaching of Judaism and Christianity (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 280). Islam is distinct from all other religions due to five religious duties that identify Muslims, the profession of faith, prayer, fasting, alms-giving, and pilgrimage to Mecca (von Sivers, Desnoyers, and Stow 281). Establishing a new religion was not a seamless process as Muhammad had to overcome before a community of Muslims that were mandated to engage in a holy struggle or jihad against those who believe in other Gods (von Sivers Desnoyers and Stow 280). What resulted was the spread of Islam throughout the Middle East as Muhammad’s successors conquered A rabia, Islam and Arab empires were a crucial component in the developments of Islamic Civilizations and Byzantium that were covered in Chapter 10 Patterns of World History, Volume One. The religion of Islam was brought to pagan Arabia by the Prophet Muhammed who spread the word of Allah to Arabs in Mecca and Yathrib. Islam grew to a point where a rift grew among Muslims forming the Sunni and Shiite sects. First came the Umayyad empire and then the Abbasids, representing the first major Arab empires, however their approach to Islam and Conquest differed were significantly different. The final point was the differences between the Russian version of Vladimir I’s conversion to Christianity on behalf of Russians and the Muslim account. In the end, the development of Islam and Arab empires unified the Arab world and began to wield increasing power over European and Asian empires.

Input and Output Devices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Input and Output Devices - Research Paper Example It can be called as a text based input device, as it allows the user to enter information in the form of alphabets, numbers and other such familiar characters. In addition to these keys, a keyboard also contains special keys such as enter, space bar, function keys, etc which have a specific function assigned to them intended to make user experience easier (COMPUTER ORGANISATION). The mouse can be referred to as the most commonly used pointing device. Instructions are given to the computer by pointing the mouse pointer to a location on the screen by moving the mouse. Common tasks that can be performed by the mouse include positioning the cursor on the screen, moving an icon, and selecting an object. After the onset of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), the mouse has become an indispensable tool in the computer – human interaction. The joystick is a digital device, comprising of a stick that pivots around its base and moves the graphic cursor on the screen according to the motion of the stick. A button serves as a clickable object on the joystick that can be used to select objects to which the graphic cursor is currently pointing to. Joysticks primarily find use as an input device in video games, training simulators and robotic simulations. A light pen is a light sensitive input device, which functions very much like an ordinary pen. It is used to select objects on the screen directly. These find use in computer graphics, animation, computer drawing and for easy selection of options from a menu. By moving the pen, a corresponding trace or sketch can be recorded on the computer. Handwritten notes can be produced by using this device, which can be recognized using OCR technology and converted into computer text form. An output device is a computer peripheral that receives information to the computer and presents it to the user. Generally the output from the computer is displayed visually. A computer monitor displays

Prepare an equity research report comparing the financial performance Assignment

Prepare an equity research report comparing the financial performance of your chosen retail company with the financial performan - Assignment Example Through prudent risk management and optimum allocation of resources and assets, the company has been able to withstand financial difficulties and turmoil and has been able to portray sound and stable financial outlook. Today the company now has over 900 stores worldwide which cater to wide demography of customers across the globe. The company was founded by the name of John David stores in 1981 with one shop in bury. In the financial year of 1989 the first London store was opened in Oxford Street. One of the most important landmarks in the history of the company was the floatation of its equity stock in the year 1996. At this point of time, the company had around 56 stores. Subsequent to the issuance of equity in the market, the revenue growth of the company started increasing with rapid pace. The company acquired affiliations with international sports brands such as Addidas, Nike and Reebok and thus it was able to establish substantial present in the retail industry. The company not only focused on organic growth but it also expanded through merger and acquisitions. In the financial year 2002, JD sports acquired nearly 200 stores and the highlight among them the acquisition of first sport, a renowned sport retailer. In the financial year 2005, the company was also able to purchase more than 70 stores from Allstores which further established its position as the leading UK retailer in sports wear merchandise. The primary operations of the company reside in UK, Ireland and in France. 1.2 Overview of the current operations In the financial year 2012, the company acquired Blacks, another leading sports retailer in the industry. With the acquisition of Blacks, the JD group comprises of four divisions being Sport Fascias, Fashion Fascias, Outdoor and Distribution. The current primary business of the company is retail and the other businesses of the company acts as support activities. JD Sports have made substantial investment in brands, business, multi-channel and ot her infrastructure to improve and enhance the financial outlook of the company. The company has also made substantial investment in the current year for expanding its business to greater horizons such as Spain, Ireland and France. The company was able to open its first store in Spain in March 2012. The following is a brief financial analysis of various operational segment of the company: 1.3 Sports Fascias The Sport Fascias of JD sports plc comprises of JD, Size, Chausport, Sprinter and Champion sports. During the financial year of 2012, the revenue of the company increased by 16.3% and its market share also hiked as compared to the prior years. The gross margin of the company, however, experienced a marginal decrease from 51% (2011) to 50.8% (2012). This decrease was primarily due to the lower margin business of Champion and Sprinter. The operating profit of the segment experienced a hike of about ?1 million. 1.4 Fashion Fascias The fashion fascias comprises of Bank, Scotts and Gec il Gee. During the current financial year, the total revenue of the company increased by 13.2% and the gross margin of the segment decreased by marginally from 49% to 48.5%. 1.5 Outdoor After the acquisition of Blacks, a new reporting segment by the name of Outdoor has been created. At the time of the acquisition, the operations of Blacks were in adverse position and it required a considerable efforts and time of the managements to bring them to a reasonable position. The acquisition took place three months

Cell Phones, Do They Really Cause Brain Tumors Research Paper

Cell Phones, Do They Really Cause Brain Tumors - Research Paper Example This research is intended to ascertain the fact that cell phones are not associated with brain tumor. The use of cell phones began in 1980s and its wide spread use began in 1990s (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Since then, the technology has been constantly evolving and there has a soar in the use of cell phones all over the world. In 2009, in United States alone, there were more than 285 million cell phone users (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Thus, any health implications of cell phone usage target a large number of people. Cell phones use non-ionizing radiation, a type of electromagnetic radiation for their functioning. This radiation is actually different from the radiation used in X-rays which is ionizing and associated with risk of development of cancer. The radiation of cell phones falls into the same band of radiofrequency waves which are used in microwave to cook food. However, the radiowaves from cellphones do not cause damage to the genetic material DNA and thus does not cause cancer. The main source of radiofrequency energy for a cell phone comes from the antenna, which, in the newer cell phones is in the hand set and while taking, the portion of antenna lies along the side of the head (Wenner, 2008). Thus, closer the antenna towards the head, greater is the exposure to radiofrequency energy. The absorption of radiofrquency energy is directly proportion to the distance between the users head and the antenna and the intensity of the signal which is again, dependent on the level of the signal (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Thus, the levels of exposure to radiofrequency energy depends on various factors like the number and duration of the phone calls, the amount of traffic of cell phone at the time of talking over phone, the distance of the antenna of the cell phone from the nearest based station, the quality of radiofrequency transmission, the size of the hand set, extension of the

The Prostitution Problem (responses) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Prostitution Problem (responses) - Assignment Example I therefore concur with the response that a double standard exist over the prostitution problem and that the society has forced women into prostitution by establishing them as weaker people who are vulnerable to men’s manipulations. The response is comprehensive and its inference to the contemporary environment is valid because literature shows that despite numerous sources of power that women can use, especially in domestic set ups against male dominion, women still find themselves vulnerable. Men retain financial responsibility in families and their higher economic potential creates power over their married partners and other women who may be desperate for financial support. Factors such as religious and cultural values also undermine possible sources of power that women could use counter male influence. Consequently, women remain tools for manipulation by men and their best alternative is to take capitalistic advantage of men’s sexual needs. This establishes the basis of prostitution even in the contemporary despite better economic environment for women (Ghanim

Is the Latest Technology Crane ALII Worth Buying Essay

Is the Latest Technology Crane ALII Worth Buying - Essay Example The second option looks more feasible given the current situation. Although both projects are yielding a negative NPV, but the second option is giving a smaller negative number, hence we can safely conclude that the company should wait for 5 more years before buying the latest technology crane ALII. NPV shows us that the project would yield more cash inflow than outflow, but the negative number shows us that the outflows would be greater than the inflow. The best option for the company is trying to increase its revenue base in order to improve the situation. Just having two or three projects supporting such a large purchase is not feasible and hence the company should market more often to attract more customers. In case these are two exhaustive options, the company should clearly select the option b because it is yielding a lower negative number and hence if the company wants to save its position it should try to adopt the option b. Money rates of returns do not reflect the time value of money. All economies face the phenomenon that the purchasing power of money constantly falls with the passage of time. Hence, inflation is needed to be taken into account in order to arrive at the real rate of return or rate of returns that are adjusted against inflation. The discounting factor of 23 percent has been adjust by multiplying it by 104 in order to arrive at the inflation adjusted discount rate to give better idea regarding the position of the company and how much it should earn in order to safeguard its position against falling value of a dollar due to inflation and alternative projects that are available to a company. This way the money return has been adjusted to real return and provides a better picture of how much return the company needs to earn on its projects to safeguard the value of its wealth in real terms and to make sure that it is not losing money. If a company does not pay heed to the time value of mo ney it cannot tell whether it has made or lost money and hence it is considered one of the fundamental concepts of finance and needs to be taken into account every time the company needs to make an important decision.  

Ottoman history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ottoman history - Research Paper Example Occupying this important chokepoint, the Ottomans were able to derive a great deal of riches based upon control and management of the trade that forever flowed between East and West. Much like the Byzantines before them, the Ottoman Empire served as a link between Europe and Asia in greatly benefited from the profits of the exchange that was perennially flowing over these geographic boundaries. Although there can be many identifications and definitions for the means by which the Ottoman Empire was able to exert such powerful degree of influence, military might, and cultural dynamism, it will be the purpose of this analysis to discuss and analyze the means by which a pervasive in nearly continual process of centralisation can ultimately be understood as the most powerful dynamic that allowed the Ottoman Empire to survive and thrive for such a very long period of time. As such the following analysis will trace this trend through three different secondary sources: The Great Ottoman-Turk ish Civilization, The Ottoman Empire, and The Ottoman Empire and the World around It. Whereas other, lesser powers, have grown powerful, wealthy, and then almost mysteriously vanished into the annals of history, the Ottoman Empire, through this process of centralisation, was able to oversee and ensure that the continued strength and wealth that such a process had previously been able to integrate was furthered into the future. This process was referenced specifically by the book The Great Ottoman Turkish Civilization.... Rather, the only one dimensional aspect of centralisation refers to the level to which a central figure in power structure oversaw, directed, analyzed, and guided nearly every decision that was made within the state/Empire. Accordingly, the multidimensional aspects of what centralisation necessarily implies will be discussed and analyzed as a means of integrating the reader with an understanding of how centralisation was ultimately affected within the Ottoman Empire (Cicek 47). Moreover, by identifying the level and extent to which centralisation played with regards to ensuring that the Ottoman Empire remained resilient and strong, the author will further be able to detail particular practices and unique approaches that the Ottoman Empire utilized with regards to dealing with its large, multi-religious, and multiethnic population. The second text under consideration within this analysis, The Ottoman Empire, argues that centralization played an important role within the administration and direction of any empire; so much so that it helped to define and constrain the way in which the entire process of imperial power was directed. By the very nature of Empire, it is a system in which territories and peoples that are otherwise not necessarily similar to the conquering power are incorporated into the governing structure (Kia 82). As a function of this incorporation, the Empire is usually made relatively wealthier, more populous, and more secure due to the fact that it has been able to extend its boundaries beyond the regions to which it previously laid claim to. Yet, the fundamental drawback that has been seen by a host of imperial powers within the past is the fact that the

The title character of The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The title character of The Great Gatsby Essay How far do you agree with Nick’s view that Gatsby is â€Å"worth the whole damn bunch put together†? The title character of The Great Gatsby is a young man, around thirty years old, who rose from an impoverished childhood in rural North Dakota to become fabulously wealthy. Indeed, Gatsby has become famous around New York for the elaborate parties held every weekend at his mansion, ostentatious spectacles to which people long to be invited. And yet, Nick Carraway’s description of the protagonist asserts that Gatsby seems curiously out of place among the ‘whole damn bunch’ which inhabits this lavish, showy world. Indeed, despite the aura of criminality surrounding his occupation, his love and loyalty to Daisy Buchanan and ultimately his capacity to dream, set him apart from the other inhabitants of East Egg and West Egg. A key criticism made in Nick’s first person, self-aware and retrospective narration is that the ‘whole damn bunch’ entertained by Gatsby lives in extravagance. In Chapter Three, comparative adjectives and adverbs imply that the parties they attend grow ever increasingly lavish; the narrator expresses how ‘laughter is easier’, an ‘opera of voices pitches a key higher’ and ‘groups change more quickly’. In fact, the sheer scale of the operation required to keep them excited is emphasised by details that Nick gives, including ‘a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butler’s thumb.’ But the ‘vacuous bursts of laughter’ and the dancing ‘in eternal graceless circles’ lend a degree of artificiality to the proceedings. Indeed, the tone of the narration reveals another major shortcoming, suggesting that this outward show of wealth by the inhabitants of West Egg and East Egg is used to cover up their inner corruption and moral decay. This decadence is first exemplified by the length of the parties held by Gatsby. Although the statement does hold some truth as the contrast between Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. From chapter one, we begin to understand that the relationship between Tom and Daisy is purely superficial, a relationship that seemed to be based on show and wealth. In this chapter, we learn from  Jordan that Tom has been seeing another woman in New York, and Toms attitude toward Daisy does not adopt the most loving manner. Instead of allowing his wife to join in on the conversation or take interest in what she talks of, he is more concerned about the extremist book hes been reading and discussing its racist views The idea is if we dont look out the white race will be will be utterly submerged. This greatly contrasts with Gatsby. He is compassionate toward Daisy unlike Tom who treats her only as a possession, and his determination in refusing to give up on her and this dream world he has created for the two of them. Even in chapter seven when Daisy runs over Myrtle, Gatsby takes the blame himself just to protect her Nick asks, Was Daisy driving? to which Gatsby responds, Yes but of course Ill say I was. By this time Gatsby has already abandoned his elaborate parties, which only existed as a way to lure in the one he so yearned for, which counteracts the argument that he was purely covetous and materialistic. He even shouts at Tom in chapter seven, She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me, which illustrates how all the effort and his immersion in illegal business was all to build up an Empire big enough and grand enough for Daisy, and also demonstrates how money-orientated and trivial Daisy is. In comparison to Daisy, it may well be said he was worth a lot more than her. Towards the end of the book she and Tom both pack up and move on, recoiling back into all their money and hiding away from the upset and destruction they had both caused. Another reason Gatsby stands for something greater than the other characters is the fact that he died with love still in his heart and a dream to aspire to. He did not die bitter and anguished over the fact he could not have Daisy, over the fact that his whole life had been created with her at the centre, and all for nothing. Gatsby died only with a taste on his tongue of what life could be like with Daisy, of what it would feel like to have her as his own, but this seemed to console him enough to know he was dying a happier and better man. He refused to give in until the very end, when Nick suggests that Gatsby ought to go away, Gatsby is almost in shock when he responds, Go away now, old sport? He could not bear to tear himself away  after how far he had come, how far he had gotten to Daisy being his. And despite his loves own selfishness and shallow ways, he dies still with that green glow of hope in his heart. Gatsby is worth the whole damn bunch put together because he died with love. I agree with this statement completely as despite his involvement in bootlegging and how his life was built around lies, Gatsby stands for something in which the other characters lack. I believe he stands for hope, for love and for dreams. This is shows through his adoration of Daisy and his determination to never give up on her.

Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth

Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth Drug Culture and the Impressionable Youth Rock and roll music and rap are the two most listened to genres by teens of the ages nine to twenty- five. Both genres are linked to the drug culture quite often through older music and music today. Rock and rap music communicate drug culture ideals to the impressionable youth through; Lyrics that speak about a drug experience, a trance-like rhythm that makes an experience either better or worse, and by the artists image in the media. All of these play a role on how the youth are influenced in society. Rock and roll has been linked to the drug culture for many years. Whether a song was written about a certain drug or whether the song was written on drugs has had society worried for its children. Children are always singing, whether with the music or just to themselves, but do parents listen to what they are singing? A popular rock band, named Green Day, have a few songs that reference illicit drug content. The song ‘Green Day contains lyrics that reference an experience after smoking marijuana. Here are some lyrics from the song: â€Å"A small cloud has fallen, The white mist hit the ground, My lungs comfort me with joy, Vegging on one detail, The rest just crowds around, My eyes itch of burning red, Picture sounds of moving insects so surreal, Lay around looks like I found something new, Laying in my bed, I think Im in left field, I picture someone, I think its you, Your standing so damn close, My body begins to swell, Why does 1+1 make 2?† Even though this song was written in 1990, it is still played on a few radio stations today. The album ‘1,039 Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, sold over five hundred thousand copies. And since then Green Day has become more popular with the youth. Green is only an example of todays music, but The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were huge role models as the drug culture started. The Beatles lyrics are descriptive of encounters with intoxicants and rely on the images and the insider knowledge associated with the meanings put forward by The Beatles (Blackman86). The Beatles had the world at their fingertips; they held the record for the most people to go deaf at a concert, not because the music was loud but because of the thousands of girls screaming at the top of their lungs (Blackman86). After the American tours, The Beatles songs moved onto new subjects with closer links to recreational drug use. On the song, ‘Tomorrow Never Knows, Lennon offers drug advice about the feeling bro ught on by drug consumption (Blackman85). In an interview by Queen and Life magazine in 1967, Sir Paul McCartney states that LSD ‘opened my eyes. It made me a better, more honest, and a more tolerant member of society (Uncut). Rock and roll lyrics speak more about an experience on an illicit drug while the next genre, rap, speak more about selling drugs to make money. Rap has not always been linked to the drug culture till about the 1990s. When children listen to the lyrics of certain rap songs, they hear how selling drugs or taking drugs to make life easier. According to Dr. Herd, an associate professor in the division of Community Health and Human Development at the University of California, illegal drug use became increasingly linked during the late 1990s to wealth, glamour, and social standing, when in comparison to earlier years, when rap music was more likely to have depicted the dangers and negative consequences of drug use (Yang). â€Å"Rap music is especially appealing to young people, many of whom look up to rappers as role models. As a public health researcher, and as a parent of a seven year old, I am concerned about the impact that long-term exposure to this music has on its listeners,† says Dr. Herd (Yang). Ludacris, who is popular with an age range from twelve to twenty-five, published a song called ‘Blueberry Yum Yum. Throughout the song, Ludacris raps about how excellent blueberry yum yum marijuana is. Here a few lines from this song: â€Å"Got a little bit of blueberry yum, yum And I never woulda thought that it could taste this good Thank God for the man who put it in my hood Its got me singin melodies I never thought I would Im feeling sorry for the homies who be smokin wood Chop chop, break it down for a player like ye Im ‘bout to find me a woman and skeet† This song was on the album, ‘The Red Light District and sold over twenty million copies worldwide (Blackman85). Ludacris is not the only rapper that sings about enjoyment of smoking marijuana other names are Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, and Eminem are a few examples of big name rappers that have followers of young ages listening to their lyrics and singing along. Adolescents are exposed to approximately two hundred and fifty-one references to explicit substance use per day (Parker-Pope). Adolescents are exposed to music more than any other type of media. An example is music compared to film. Adolescents listen to an average of sixteen hours each week of music compared to an average of six hours each week for films (Parker-Pope). Music is a powerful social force that taps into an individuals personal identity, memories, and mood. Lyrics are strong ways to communicate to the impressionable youth about the drug culture but there are more ways to communicate also like a trance-like rhythm. Rock and roll music and rap have many different types of sounds and beats. Shiela Whiteley, Building on Middleton and Muncies analysis, says there are stages of how rock and rap music influence drug use through a song. Whiteley says, â€Å"The first stage is manipulation of timbres, blurred, bright, tingly overlapping associated with the intensification of tripping; second stage, the upward movement in pitch which compares with the experience of being high; third, the characteristic use of harmonies lurching and oscillating which change focus; fourth, the sudden use of regular or irregular rhythms suggesting both the rush of a drug but also the trance-like condition of sounds capes and which acts to disorientate conventional musical structure, offering new enhancements from new technology employed in music and also through the process of hallucination† (Blackman100). Teens pick music to go with their drug experience. Rod Stanley, editor of ‘Dazed and Confused magazine, says in an interview if there was a new drug that came out in todays society, there would a new genre of music spring up over night, he continues to say young people work out the best music to experience a drug (Sampson). The image of the artist has always been a problem in the media and how parents can limit a child from listening to the artist music. Image is the most important part of todays world. How you look, talk, act, and present yourself is how the world will judge you. In contrast to the 1970s where artists like Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, or Elvis Presely were judge on their music. Jim Morrison died in 1971 of an apparent heart attack of an overdose, but is remembered dark and psychedelic lyrics and for occasionally taking off his clothes on stage. Drug deaths are highly romanticized in the world of popular music by the media, fans, musicians, and the industry (Blackman94). Drug induced deaths of pop stars establish new ‘consumer shrines that feed on and promote person and artistic mystery, followed by endless repackaging of existing material, remixes or releases of unsanctioned songs (Blackman94). Kurt Cobain, former lead singer of Nirvana, overdosed numerous times and was told to go to rehab but disappeared and committed suicide. Rap has a bad rap for its image because of how the artist presents themselves in th e media. Snoop Dogg has been arrested five times with the possession of marijuana (Whillans). Snoop Dogg is not the only one with a bad reputation on getting caught with marijuana. Such artists as Juvenile, Lil Wayne, Sir Paul McCartney, Keith Richards, and John McClure are just a few examples of popular

Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† was written bye John Steinbeck and is a fictional book. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is a book about two life long friends named George and Lennie. They go to a farm to do some farm work after having to run away from their old town Weed. In their new farm, they meet many people including Curley, a little boxer guy who hates big guys like Lennie, and Curley’s wife, who is a tart. Lennie and George have many grand adventures on the farm, but one day while George is out playing horseshoes, Lennie accidentally kills Curley’s wife. Lennie runs away but when the guys come back to find Curley’s wife dead, George is forced to kill his friend. The four people responsible for Lennie’s death are George, Curley’s wife, Lennie, and Curley. The person most responsible for Lennie’s death is George. The reasons why I think this is mainly because George shot Lennie in the end of the book. Also George left Lennie alone in the barn giving Curley’s wife a chance to come and talk to him, and that is when Lennie killed her. George should have given Lennie more instructions on what he was supposed to do while George was out with his friends. The second most responsible for Lennie’s death is Curley’s wife. The reasons why I think this is because she provoked Lennie into talking to her and into petting her hair. She was lonely and wanted someone to talk to, but she also was very flirtatious with Lennie. When she yelled she scared Lennie which made him hold on to her neck harder. Curley’s wife shouldn’t have been flirting and seeking other men while she had a husband. The third most responsible person for Lennie’s death is Lennie himself. The reason I think this is because Lennie killed Curley’s wife, which made George have to kill Lennie. He also has no control over his strength since he was retarded, which is another reason why he died. And more importantly he disobeyed George by talking to Curley’s wife, which George told him absolutely not to do. The last responsible person for Lennie’s death was Curley. Curley was very mean to Lennie and was picking on him for only the reason that Lennie was bigger than Curley. Curley was also very possessive over his wife, which lead her to look for other men.

The Connection of Mortality with One’s Love of Life in T.S. Eliots The Wasteland and Yulisa Amadu Maddys No Past No Present No Future :: Eliot Wasteland Maddy No Past Present Essays

The Connection of Mortality with One’s Love of Life in T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland and Yulisa Amadu Maddy's No Past No Present No Future Through many writers’ works the correlation of mortality and love of life is strongly enforced. This connection is one that is easy to illustrate and easy to grasp because it is experienced by humans daily. For instance, when a loved one passes away, even though there is time for mourning, there is also an immediate appreciation for one’s life merely because they are living. In turn, the correspondence of mortality and a stronger love for life is also evident in every day life when things get hard and then one is confronted by some one else whom has an even bigger problem, then making the original problem seem minute. This is seen as making the bad look worse so then the bad looks good and the good looks even better. The connection of mortality and one’s love for life is seen in both T.S. Eliot’s The Wasteland and Yulisa Amadu Maddy’s No Past No Present No Future. Eliot’s words "I will show you fear in a handful of dust" imitate much of his attitude during the poem The Waste Land. This quote can be interpreted in different ways. One way is that the dust Eliot mentions is a symbol for humans starting as dust and returning to dust in death. Therefore, the quote would be expressing the feeling of fearing death. By exemplifying this fear, Eliot then enables his audience to take it further to appreciating life because the only other choice is death. In Eliot’s The Wasteland, It seems as if the more his world is falling apart, the more he wants to break it down and find what really matters or what he really needs to continue living and to truly appreciate life. As he examines his surroundings, he realizes so much of it is in ruins, and that alone makes him feel as though his own life is slipping away, as if he does not even control his own fate. Eliot also realizes how upside down and backward his world is now functioning. Everything that was once right is now wrong, and everything that once seemed moral is not moral any more. Once this is brought to his attention, Eliot decides the only way to overcome this is to do away with the bad and keep only the good, then reforming the old into a new overall positive and secure place of true life.

Timeless Message of Equality in Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being E

Timeless Message of Equality in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest    Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest satirizes Victorian society.   The witty epigrams of his characters provide light comedy masking the underlying theme of criticism of the Victorian way of life.   Wilde's effective use of humour diffuses the tense theme of his work.   In a Victorian society that emphasized progress, it was precarious for artists like Oscar Wilde to express an imperfect interpretation of life in nineteenth-century England.   Wilde's attack on the ethics of his era is an attempt to fulfill the author's prophecy that art has the power to dictate life, not merely imitate it (614-615).   At a time when the world measured progress in empirical research, Wilde chose to use the English language rather than the scientific method as his mean to transform society.   The Importance of Being Earnest satirizes two main social constructs:   social class and gender relations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wilde makes fun of characters from the upper class to bring about change in the social construct of the class system.   Wilde satirizes the upper class? pompous attitude, ideas of progress, and emphasis on earnestness.   Wilde identifies the pompous attitude of the upper class by creating characters with distorted perceptions of their self-importance in society.   When Lane the servant says there were no cucumbers at the market, ?[n]ot even for ready money? (8), Algernon seems surprised that his wealth has not given him a slighted chance to obtain cucumbers over the common man.   Algernon?s subordinate view of Lane also symbolizes his arrogance.   As the story opens, Algernon wants to talk to Lane about himself, but... ...e art impact life instead of simply imitating it.   Wilde stood at the forefront of a movement by artists who deflected the confines of the scientific method to reform society.   As The Importance of Being Earnest continues to flourish many years after it was written, Wilde?s message of equality between the social classes and the sexes transcends generations.   Oscar Wilde succeeded in transforming the landscape of art and society.   Ã‚  Works Cited Keach, William, John Richetti, Bruce Robbins, and Carol Moulton, eds.   Adventures in English Literature.   Toronto:   Holt, Rineheart and Wiston, 1996.   599-615. Kishlansky, Mark, Patrick Geary, and Particia O?Brien.   Civilization in the West.   New York:   Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, 1998.   839-843. Wilde, Oscar.   The Importance of Being Earnest.   New York:   Dover Publications, 1990.   1-54.

Medical Experimentation

In today's society things have changed rustically over time in law enforcement to the point that a shown act of kindness by an officer is seen as a bad thing at times. An officer is known in the professional field as a public servant, this means that they can put on the coat of many and play many roles in a community. Although an officer has duties that must be carried out on a daily basis it must be done within the guidelines of the law.All state and local laws have codes for all laws and the punishment that can be given if convicted of these particular crimes, but as an officer there is certain discretion that can be used and he offender may get off with Just a warning. This is a part of an officers Job that sometimes will come back to haunt them. Many times an officer may give a person a warning on a simple crime and later down the road the same person commits the same offense on a higher level, now the questions that would be asked are how does this affect the community? Is there a standard for officers that show discretion? , and is this ethical in the law enforcement community? This paper will discuss the different ways that this topic could be critical to the criminal Justice community. Police Discretion Deputies and officers in day to day society faced with a vast array of situations on a daily basis that they must deal with. Law enforcement officers handle lots of issues and no two encounters or situations are the same.Officers are on the streets daily and put into positions where they usually have to handle certain situations alone, and have little advice or intermediate supervision. This makes up the heart of discretion in an officer. The research shows that acts of discretion by officers have benefits and problems that follow these acts. Sometimes these acts can evolve into he denial of citizens' rights. According to Engel (2007), â€Å"By discretion, we in the field of criminal Justice are generally referring to official actions by criminal Justic e officials, based on individuals' Judgments about the best course of action.Research shows that discretion can be when an officer uses legal sanctions. This can be when an officer is on a traffic stop, giving a ticket or making an arrest. The time when an officer is most at odds to use discretion is in a case of use of force: weather the amount of force or weather to use any at all. (Hunter 1985; Terrible et al. 2002. ) One there broad use could be when an officer has to make a decision on dividing the amount of services or various duties that are to be performed. Engel 2007). A prime example would be when on patrol and answering a call, assisting a stranded motorist, the amount of time spent assisting , and a third would be non-sanction, and non- service that an officer will perform such as community policing. Further research that was conducted shown by Goldstein, describes discretion in another way: Choosing Objectives Choosing Methods of intervention Choosing how to dispose of cases Choosing investigative measures Choosing Field proceduresIssuing Permits and Licenses Benefits The research that was conducted shows that Goldstein states that the natures of police work require some use of discretion in the work environment. In his work he says that officers operate in an environment that on a frequent basis where officers are alone in a community where there are citizens their presence is needed, Research in communities show that officers must make quick decisions and usually without input from other sources.Although there is a chain of command these acts of discretion must be done without going up the chain of command. Goldstein (1977) ND Walker and Katz (2002) also point out that the very nature of â€Å"the law' is such that, in many cases, officers discretion extends to interpreting the meaning of the statutory text. It becomes, therefore, impossible to enforce the law equally due to the wide interpretation that can be a particular law'.Other benefits f rom the use of discretion may be based on economics and the resources that a department may have. In many cities to make a long story short there are Just not enough officers, jails, prisons, courts, or community based programs to handle the amount of people that are processed through the criminal Justice system. Goldstein says that officers must use discretion on a daily basis in their work place because if an officer did not use discretion when answering calls then they would be completely occupied all the time.Problems While there are benefits there are also problems with police discretion, research shows that in all agencies officers are all different and have different make up and ways of handling situations. The lack of consistency is a major problem for citizens because they never know what to expect from that particular officer. When a community builds distrust in an officer it not only creates problems with the public ND police but also can create unwarranted confrontation in communities. All too many times we see this in the news.The one major problem of distrust and the police is when human rights are violated; this can cause major uproars in communities (Engel 2007; Bittier 1974). Conclusion It is shown that police discretion has it good and bad effects in a community. The total need of a community and how they are policed and the services that are provided, discretion most of the time provides sometimes trust but as seen in the research can also provide distrust. It provides for the quick, sometimes split second, session-making process that is involved

How does haddon create sympathy for ed boone? Essay

How does Haddon create sympathy for Ed Boone? In the novel, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time, I shall be exploring how Haddon creates sympathy for protagonist, Ed Boone. I have many aspects to protect my point of view. Firstly, our first impressions for the character of Ed Boone were that he was a caring and loving father that knew how to handle his even through his difficulties. We know he understands his son and can always sympathize with Christopher, because instead of shouting at or hugging Christopher when he got arrested, he â€Å"spread his fingers in a fan† as a â€Å"sign of love† for Christopher. We sympathize with Ed because he was currently facing the hardships of being a single parent upbringing an autistic teenager. Haddon makes us sympathize with Ed Boone from the beginning of the novel and carries on throughout exceptionally. In addition, Haddon heightens out sympathy for Ed Boone when successfully writing a pathetic fallacy for Ed. This happened when Ed had a loving son, wife, home and job, but then we began to sympathize with him because his wife left him for his next door neighbour and he was left alone. So, he started a new relationship with Mrs Shears and soon split up and Ed was left vulnerable on his own, yet again. The impact on Haddon using this technique will help the reader sympathize with Ed from the start of the novel and successfully turns him into a victim in the novel. Furthermore, we as readers can now sympathize with Ed far easier and when Ed â€Å"hides things to protect† Christopher, we can infer and deduce he knew Christopher won’t be able to take it all in and it would affect him dearly. So, Ed did what he thought was best and protected Christopher from â€Å"knowing the details† about his mother and Wellington. We can understand that it’s difficult and Ch ristopher will not be able to handle it, therefore Ed hid certain information from Christopher out of love and the understanding he has for his son. Moreover, our sympathy was given yet again to Ed when he came back from work and found his son missing. However, Ed being the responsible parent that he is phoned the police and â€Å"worried himself sick.† We can infer and deduce that Ed obviously loves Christopher and the thought of him away from his father worries him. We feel sorry for Ed because we don’t whether he will see his son again and neither does Ed. We can put ourselves in his shoes and know he must be feeling alone, guilty and full of regret and remorse, because of this, we feel sorry for the character of Ed Boone thanks to Haddon’s  incredible techniques and powerful plot that guarantees sympathy given to the written character, Ed Boone. Finally, the last point I have in which Haddon makes the reader give an endless amount of sympathy and love to Ed, is where Haddon written out the situation of a single working parent of an autistic teenager who has many special needs. In which, in able to look after teenager, Christopher, you have to understand his needs and wants. To do this you will need a lot of patience and it can be very difficult at times because Christopher can last several days without eating or communicating. Also, he won’t eat any two foods touching, in result of them being thrown away and he doesn’t eat or touch anything that is the colour brown or yellow. Christopher has many other needs and Ed has to understand Christopher’s mind frame and know what to do in able to cope with his son. To be able to live with Christopher and have such a close relationship between the two of them, takes a great amount of patience and love, and is even harder to do when on your own. Haddon enable the reader to understand that life is challenging for Ed and makes us come to a realization that we will not be able to do what Ed is doing, so we naturally give our sympathy to Ed because of what he has to cope with in his day to day life. To conclude this essay, I strongly believe that Haddon creates many circumstances where the reader can sympathize with protagonist, Ed Boone. Because of Haddon’s phenomenal writing skills, we give nothing but sympathy and understanding to Ed as he faces many challenges, and because we can’t help him, we comfort Ed and sympathize with him. Sympathy given to Ed from the reader was one of Haddon’s expectations from this novel, and I can truly say he exceeded in this and brought true emotions for protagonist, Ed Boone.

Computer Virus Expository

Computer Virus â€Å"A true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance. † Computer virus has now become widespread. It’s almost everywhere in every computer. It is one of the major problems of the computer users. Viruses are like the disease of the computer. Letting the virus in it can cause harm or even destroy all files stored in the computer. Virus infection costs millions even billions of money if virus penetrates into major servers like government database system, bank and airport systems.Computer virus can destroy, control or even steal information without the knowledge of the user. There are three kinds of computer virus. First kind is the Trojan horse; it pretends to be a legitimate program. It attaches itself to a program then executes itself. Named after the Greek army’s tactic of hiding their soldiers in a giant wooden horse. This virus does not multiply but rather make the computer’s protection weaker and more susceptible to other threats. Second kind is the worm, is has a self replicating ability that spreads itself through computer network.It search for loopholes in the network copies itself and reaches another computer in the network. This kind of virus invades the kernel of the computer that makes it halt and become slow. It replicates in drastic number that make duplicates of files that cause confusion in the computer user. The third kind is the malware; it is a malicious program that steals information from the computer and the user. Steal personal information like bank accounts, credit card numbers and other information that can be used against you. This information is being used by hackers to generate money and make fraud.The program also downloads other files and viruses into the computer. There are also other kind, unusual kind of viruses that is less encountered by common computer users. These viruses may be found in corporations and companies for conspiracy. This is the rabbit/wabbit and the logic bombs. The rabbit also known as wabbit is a kind of virus that copies itself and sends twice through the ASP output stream. It copies itself in drastic number that makes the system clog, become slower and make the files more difficult to remove/delete.Cleaning of the infected system was became a long and complicated process. The other kind is the logic bomb, virus that acts like a time bomb. It is a piece of code intentionally inserted into a program or software system that will set-off malicious functions when certain conditions are met. The code is hidden in program and software written by hackers. Certain logic bombs sometimes execute at certain payloads or at pre-defined time like Friday of the 13th and April fool’s day (April 1st).Trojans that activates on certain dates are also called time-bombs. There are tips and trick that can be done to prevent the infection of the computer by viruses. First is to set-up your computer. Consider running a firewall on the co mputer. Also install an antivirus program. Regularly update the operating system and antivirus software, and delete all unnecessary files and programs. Second is on downloading files and email attachments. Be careful of opening files from untrusted sources. Always scan the file before opening.Also be aware that email attachments are also a source of computer viruses and last, be knowledgeable about viruses and the behavior of the computer. Computer virus is one of the major problems of the computer users. It can destroy, control or even steal information. Virus infection can be prevented by being aware of the viruses, about its behavior and the things that it can do. Always remember that a virus cannot spread by itself without human assistance. So be aware and be knowledgeable in all things that you don in computer. Think before you click.

Exclusionary Rule Evaluation Essay

The Exclusionary Rule was designed to exclude evidence obtained in violation of a criminal defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizures by law enforcement personnel. If the search of a criminal suspect is searched unreasonable, the evidence obtained in the search will be excluded from trial. The Exclusionary Rule is a court made rule it is not in any of the statutes, it was not created by the Legislative bodies but rather by the United States Supreme Court. The Exclusionary Rule applies to the federal courts by virtue of the Fourth Amendment. Police misconduct plays a key role the rule and if there wasn’t misconduct within our police department the Exclusionary Rule would not exist today. The Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule go hand in hand; the 4th Amendment protects us from unreasonable (illegal) search and seizures and if there is evidence steaming from a violation of the 4th Amendment then that evidence ikest thrown completely out of the trial. The rule mostly is there tas the enforcer on the government, the Exclusionary Rule was introduced by the Supreme Court in 1914 from the case Weeks v. United States. I think that the rule does not need to be abolished because the government should be held accountable for their actions; even though the government is a system divided. I think that we the people are held accountable in the court of law then it is only right they are too. Have you ever taken a leap in good faith? Well, the Exclusionary Rule has a good faith exception And it provides that when an honest mistake is made during the course of a search and seizure any subsequently obtained evidence will be considered admissible. (Worrall, 2012) I think some things could be updated not only in the criminal justice system but the Constitution and statutes. The judges are given absolute immunity protecting them from any of their decisions and the prosecutors are given qualified ammunity References www.findlaw.com www.studymode.com Criminal Procedure John Worrall, (2012)

Causes of culture shocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Causes of culture shocks - Essay Example What are the causes of culture shock which is a big roadblock between success and failure of an individual in an unfamiliar environment? The main causes areâ€Å"Strain caused by the efforts to adopt,sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions,feeling rejected by or rejecting members of new culture,confusion in role, values and self-identity, anxiety and even disgust/anger about foreign practices,feelings of helplessness,and not being able to cope with the new environment.†(Marx,2001,p.5) The impact of these conditions, will indicate where an individual stands in a new situation and the relative causes of culture shock. Some causes are inevitable,and some causes are the creation of ones mind. For example, while moving overseas, one carries unrealistic expectations about the life-styles and paints a rosy picture. One imagines a life of individual freedom, free from the constraints of living in a joint family(should that be the case.) Once one comes face to face with the grass-root realities in a foreign land, one values the worth of living in a joint family, the joy in the praise and rebukes from the elders, the relative freedom enjoyed in those restrictions. They say, a mountain looks beautiful from a distance. Once one goes near it, one sees how it is also covered by thick forests, thorny bushes and it is the abode of wild animals as well!Not alone big, but the small issues related to the day to day life produce cultural shocks and sometimes, their effect is long-lasting. Some of them are: â€Å"Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols o f social intercourse. These signs are the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Summery - Essay Example Compared with the private sector, the public service will value intrinsic rewards such as service delivery to the people, public interest and the importance of work (Houston, 2000). In terms of accomplishment and fulfillment in work, public employees rated higher than their private sector counterparts (Houston, 2000). The motivation rewards will vary depending on social, cultural and ethical environments. Employee attitude is another determining factor in the accomplishment of a successful motivation reward. The reward may be in terms of income; however, it may be dependent on other social and economic structures like education background, experience, service delivery and efficiency. The managerial structures and the bureaucratic stem of governance play a big part in the effectiveness of employee motivation. Streamlining of processes and making the work environment adaptable is a more convenient way of motivating the employees. Better working conditions also play a major role in ensuring that the employees feel valued and appreciated (Houston, 2000). Rules are there to be followed. Sometimes they can be effective or ineffective depending on how they are managed, applied or regulated. In the public management system, certain standards are always required for efficient service delivery. Red tape is an excessive regulation applied in most public corporations and governments that is usually considered to be rigid or bureaucratic as it affects the flow of action, service delivery and decision making. With the aim of reversing the negative effects of this kind of system, public management scholars have come up with a reliable, effective and productive theory known as Green Tape Theory (DeHart-Davis, 2009). Transition is a very delicate topic especially in the public management system. In most cases, the fear of change stops us from taking action. Anxiety in the public system has limited the effectiveness of the Green Tape Theory because of

Comparative study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative study - Coursework Example The major theme of the play is to portray the heroism of women and to portray how women overcome the bullying of the selfish men. The play is a very serious aspect of the society with a comical touch and also excellent use of language across the whole play. The major theme of the play is to provide a view of how women are able to become self respecting and overcome all the hurdles poised by men. Inside I’m Dancing is a very strong story that revolves around freedom, love, friendship. The movie has portrayed a situation of two young men in wheelchairs and how they need to experience all the above stated emotions. The movie has led to a number of controversies for the immaturity that is portrayed and how the individuals have been shown to be naive and emotionally immature. However it is an excellent film with a great script and excellent performances. After examining and analyzing the film, play and the novel, it is clear that all these three have a common factor. All three revolve around the three major elements of life, i.e. love, friendship and freedom. Each of three have portrayed that every culture and every life around the world need all the three above mentioned elements in life. Irrespective of whether people are from different cultures, irrespective of whether they are normal or have any kinds of health issues and also irrespective of the class that people belong to, every person requires the three major elements in life. The freedom of women and the ability of women to overcome all issues across the worlds is a strength that women need to recognize and work towards gaining their complete freedom. Also the love and friendship among friends and the need to share a common interest is another essential aspect that has been discussed. This study has allowed for a clearer view of the various aspects of life which have been ov erlooked in the daily rush of work and other activities. This comparison is an eye opener to understanding the

Computers and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computers and Marketing - Essay Example It is inevitable that with most people doing things on-line, marketing and advertising executive are now also going on-line. Internet traffic continues to surge with more people going for convenience, ease and security of transacting their business on-line. Advertisers naturally go where the people are. Discussion Advertising serves a dual purpose: commercial, as when promoting a new product or a new service, and secondly, as a public service (such as broadcasting weather reports). But the essence of advertising has always been primarily commercial in nature. Advertising industry executives always find creative ways to post their ad messages and this is almost everywhere: in newspapers, magazines, giant billboards, moving billboards (such truck-side advertising or even on the bodies of airplanes like the Irish budget airline Ryanair) or in broadcasting such as radio and television. The latest media are digital Web sites on Internet and digital mobile devices such as cellular phones. It seems there is no escaping these ubiquitous advertisements. Like most people of my generation, I spend a considerable time of my waking hours on the Internet.

Ischaemic heart disease is epidemic within western cultures Essay

Ischaemic heart disease is epidemic within western cultures - Essay Example The heart consists of 4 chambers: an atrium and a ventricle on the right, and an atrium and a ventricle on the left. Blood returning to the heart from veins all over the body flows into the right atrium, then blood flows into the right ventricle which pumps it out to the lungs for oxygenation of the blood. This oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and then flows into the left ventricle, which pumps it at high pressure into the arteries, including the coronary arteries. The strength of the heart muscle (myocardium) depends on the oxygen and nutrient supply coming via the coronary arteries. The walls of these arteries are strong, elastic and flexible. The myocardium is supplied by 3 major coronary arteries. Two of them arise from a common stem, called left coronary artery which supplies the left side of the heart. Its left anterior descending (LAD) branch supplies the front part of the heart, while the left circumflex (LCX) branch supplies the left lateral and back side of the heart. The right coronary artery (RCA) is separate and supplies the right and the bottom parts of the heart. [2] The inner lining layer of the coronary arteries is quite smooth allowing blood to flow easily. With aging, cholesterol and calcium content in the walls of the coronary arteries increases, making them thickened and less elastic. The prolonged effect of risk factors with the consequence of aging, endothelial dysfunction becomes predominant, especially in the coronary arteries. Unhealthy habits, such as a diet rich in cholesterol and other fats, smoking and lack of physical activity accelerate the deposit of cholesterol, fatty compounds, calcium, and a blood clotting material called fibrin within the inner lining of coronary arteries. This process is known as atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. The deposits, or plaques, may increase in size and block the arteries. If blockage is partial it causes chest pain

The Eden project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Eden project - Assignment Example The prime objective of Eden project is to enhance the awareness of greenery within the economy of UK thereby reducing the impacts of pollution and harmful gases. However, the initiative of Eden project became successful mainly due to the sheer intelligence and confident nature of Tim Smit. This acted as a boon for the project thereby amplifying its popularity and prosperity in the entire globe. Apart from this, the bureaucratic structure of the project of Eden is also another effective cause for its success. It helped in proper allocation and standardization of the tasks such as (allocation of funds, commercial loans sanctions etc) so as to amplify the intensity of success thereby reducing the defects or negative impacts. This helped in improvement of the level of inspiration and devotion of the supporting team members such as Danny Almagor, Deon Kamien, Malki Rose, Tracie Olcha, Amanda Miller and Romy Grace. Along with this, such type of organizational structure also helps in enhanc ing the interpersonal relationship among the members thereby reducing the range of arguments and conflicts. This is mainly due to the presence of extremely clear and defined roles and responsibilities to the members of the Eden project (Vidal, 2004). Along with this, in a bureaucratic structure, the members of the organization or project include very less authority to present any sort of suggestions or ideas regarding its betterment. As the entire control and power is within the hands of the hierarchy i.e. the board members as well as Tim Smit. This is mainly because in such type of organizational structure, the manager or organizer (Tim Smit) is the most powerful person as compared to others. And he is responsible to delegate all sorts of activities and policies within the team members or architects. And so the engineers or architects are bound to follow his ideas and thoughts for the betterment of Eden project. In Eden project, all the members had to obey the orders and responsibi lities delegated by Tim Smit, as he is the supreme authority to assign the varied types of responsibilities among the members of the team as compared to other Pre-bureaucratic or post bureaucratic organization structures. Moreover, in this type of organizational structure, the head or founder (Tim Smit) presents varied types of ideas and suggestions such as (utilization of commercial loans for the betterment of the operations) so as to enhance its level of supremacy and reputation in the market among others. Along with this, high level of contribution and commitment of Tim Smit towards implementation of the idea of Eden project to enhance the level of awareness towards green and sustainable planet proved extremely effective for the economy of UK. Hence, it might be clearly depicted from the above mentioned paragraph that the success of Eden project is mainly dependent over its hierarchical structure and uniform culture. Other than structure, the culture of the organization of Eden p roject is extremely uniform and homogeneous. It is mainly due to the hierarchical structure in which, a single individual is the delegating authority, i.e. Tim Smit. Each and every decision and suggestion is presented before him by all other members, so as to get his accent. Moreover, by doing so, all the members associated with the Eden project might become aware about the information and may also present their

Course Project Benefit Plan Analysis Term Paper

Course Project Benefit Plan Analysis - Term Paper Example Organization profile This report assesses and analyzes the benefit plan and design. It revolves around the profile of an organization called the Metropolitan Chicago Health Council (MCHC). This organization is engaged in the provision of valued added healthcare services, governmental advocacy and educational services. It has a wide range of hospital human resources section requirements which handles the benefit plan on behalf of the employees. The benefits that the employees accrue involve an indirect compensation designed to improve the quality of work together the personal lives of all employees. The benefits for the employees are approximately 43% of their total gross salary. Since these benefit programs are costly in nature, this report looks into their costly nature. It further acknowledges the need for a revision of these benefits programs in order to meet the current regulatory requirements and changing market needs. Benefits program The benefit program also requires developme nt of structural choices at all levels. According to Bohlander (2009), the inclusion of defined or non-defined retirement schemes in the benefit plan leads to risks and more workload in terms of resource management. The project will consider the need of considering factors to be taken into consideration when implementing the benefit plan and the reason for stakeholder involvement. Main focus is centered towards the aspect of cost of the benefit program. Solutions relating to the cost issue are cost analysis, cost description and cost minimization. Cost minimization will be the preferred solution out of the three. Cost analysis and description are equally good though cost minimization ensures maximum and optimal benefits to both the employer and employee in the short and long run. Characteristics of a sound benefit plan A sound benefit plan should be the one that values all the needs of both the employees and the employer. It should also take into consideration the ever changing mark et expectations both in the short and long term and should also meet all the regulatory requirements (Rosen, 2005). Finally, it should be cost effective meaning that cost are easily managed and kept at a minimum. Part 2: Statement of the issue The issue in Metropolitan Chicago Health Council is the need for a revision of its benefits programs in order to meet the current regulatory requirements and changing market needs. Health benefits for employees are issued by insurance companies. The criterion used in deciding the kind of benefit to be given to each employee is that of expertise and skill. Most of the benefit packages are custom made by worksite solutions. Every staff member is given a custom benefit statement that included the salary. With the increased demand in healthcare benefit schemes, the cost of implementing and sustaining the benefit plans has increased. Therefore, cost minimization is a goal in most organization. An online system is an advantageous way of minimizing c osts. This is because it

Skeletal System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Skeletal System - Research Paper Example 2. Differentiate between the processes of bone growth by length and width. 3. After a recent visit to her doctor, Gina was told that she has early signs of osteoporosis. The doctor recommended she participate in low impact exercises to strengthen her bones. Based on your reading, define osteoporosis and explain how low impact exercises will improve Gina's bone density and strength. 4. Explain the function of bone marrow and its importance in individuals with blood loss or decreased efficiency. 5. George is going in for laser treatment to his lower back. George has been experiencing pain running down his right leg for the past few weeks and has forced him to stay home from work for the past week. He hurt his back when he twisted and bent to the side to pick up some heavy lumber. Based on the case information, describe the injury that George sustained and the structures involved. 1. In cases such as car crashed, potential injuries that are likely to occur include back injury, knee dama ge, whiplash, brain and head trauma, broken or fractured ribs and spinal cord injury. In cases such as car crashes, the body is most probable to suffer trauma (Caldwell D.S., 2011). Trauma varies in intensity, ranging from serious burns or traffic accidents (Hall J et al 1995).

Applications of Total Quality Management Essay Example for Free

Applications of Total Quality Management Essay Total Quality Management (TQM) is a philosophy of management that strives to make the best use of all available resources and opportunities through continuous improvement. TQM means achieving quality in terms of all functions of the enterprise. Many researchers attempted to analyze how IT and TQM can jointly add value to organizations and the purpose of this first post on TQM is to evaluate the practicality of TQM in an IT service. In this evaluation, a balance of the service management needs with the reality of bottom-line effectiveness is provided. The post also provides a list of critical success factors to consider in a change management initiative engaged by an IT service. TQM in Practice : The essence of quality is to do it right the first time, and to satisfy customer requirements every time by involving everyone in the organization. The works of Crosby and his colleagues on the evolution of TQM cut across all pervasive philosophies of management. TQM has been a key business improvement strategy since the 1970s, as it has been deemed essential for improving efficiency and competitiveness. TQM aims to achieve an overall effectiveness which is higher than the individual outputs from the sub-systems such as design, planning, production, distribution, customer focus strategy, quality tools and employee involvement. This philosophy of management strives to make the best use of all available resources and opportunities through continuous improvement. As a management philosophy, TQM makes use of particular set of principles, practices, and techniques to expand business and profits and provides a bypass to enhanced productivity by avoiding rework, rejects, waste, customer complaints, and high cost. This can be achieved by emphasizing the organization’s commitment from data-driven, problem-solving approaches to quality accruing. The five basic pillars of TQM are : a) top management commitment for quality enhancement, b) customer centric advancements of processes and building a long-lasting trustworthy relationship between the organization and the customer, c) relentless development by setting goals and deadlines, d) benchmarking with several specific tools and quality-adding techniques, and e) strengthening the employee base by concentrating at any stage of a process on quality, where customer satisfaction is stationed. Table 1 provides a summary of the key dimensions that constitute TQM. TQM key dimensions : 1. Top management leadership : Top management commitment is one of the major determinants of successful TQM implementation. Top management has to be the first in applying and stimulating the TQM approach, and they have to accept the maximum responsibility for the product and service offering. Top management also has to provide the necessary leadership to motivate all employees. 2. Customer relationships : The needs of customers and consumers and their satisfaction should always be in the mind of all employees. It is necessary to identify these needs and their level of satisfaction. 3. Supplier relationships : Quality is a more important factor than price in selecting suppliers. Long-term relationship with suppliers has to be established and the company has to collaborate with suppliers to help improve the quality of products/services. 4. Workforce management : Workforce management has to be guided by the principles of: training, empowerment of workers and teamwork. Adequate plans of personnel recruitment and training have to be implemented and workers need the necessary skills to participate in the improvement process. 5. Product design process : All departments have to participate in the design process and work together to achieve a design that satisfies the requirements of the customer, which should be according to the technical, technological and cost constraints of the company. 6. Process flow management : Housekeeping along the lines of the 5S concept. Statistical and non-statistical improvement instruments should be applied as appropriate. Processes need to be mistake proof. Self-inspection undertaken using clear work instructions. The process has to be maintained under statistical control. 7. Quality data and reporting : Quality information has to be readily available and the information should be part of the visible management system. Records about quality indicators have to be kept, including scrap, rework, and cost of quality. TQM and Change Management Initiative for IT Performance : A business firm achieves world-class status when it has successfully developed operational capabilities through TQM to support the entire company in gaining a sustained overall performance over its competitors. Although there is insufficient statistical evidence to conclude significant simple relationships between TQM and IT services quality performance, many studies investigated the notion that TQM practices provide approaches to improve the economic position in the service sectors in general. Both IT and TQM had, and will continue to have a significant impact on most organizations. I only regret the lack of empirical research on the relationship between the two and how they both relate to business performance.

Underclass Exclusion Unemployment

Underclass Exclusion Unemployment Critically consider liberal accounts of the ‘underclass. To what extent is a focus on cultural characteristics useful in aiding our understanding of social exclusion. Use of the term social exclusion arose in Europe in the wake of prolonged and large scale unemployment that provoked criticisms of welfare systems for failing to prevent poverty and for hindering economic development. Silver (1994) stresses that economic restructuring in North American and European countries since the mid- 1970s has given rise to such terms as social exclusion, new poverty, and the underclass to describe the consequent negative effects on the more vulnerable populationsin these countries. Such phenomena also intensified the debate over the adequacy ofuniversal social protection policies and fuelled growing concern about the distributivefairness of employment and income patterns. Used first in France (Yepez-del-Castillo 1994), the concept spread quickly to the United Kingdom and throughoutthe European Union. Social exclusion theorists are concerned with the dissolution of social bonds, theincomplete extension of social rights and protections to all groups, and the linksbetween the idea of exclusion and more conventional understandings of inequality.They draw on theories of poverty, inequality, and disadvantage. In this context policiesto aid the excluded have focused on subsidizing jobs and wages, providing housing, and responding to urbanization. The value added of these discussions de rivesfrom their focus on the multifaceted nature of deprivation and on analysis of themechanisms and institutions that function to exclude people (de Haan 1998). Theconcept of social exclusion has encouraged scholars to consider simultaneously theeconomic, social, and political dimensions of deprivation. As Bhalla and Lapeyre(1997) stress, this concept encompasses the notion of poverty broadly defined, butis more general in that it explicitly emphasizes povertys relational as well as its distributionalaspects. Social Exclusion is another term for the lower strata poor. This implies that this is more than just about the straight poor but instead about behaviour which has created a lifestyle which is permanently dislocated from the habits and way of life of the majority. The concept of the underclass has been widely contested today. It has many links with social exclusion, the notion of a cycle of deprivation and cultural theories. During the course of this essay a number of different areas will be looked at. The focal point of this essay will rest by and large in the culture of binge drinking which is apparent across a significant area of the population. This part of the population has been named in many different ways by the media and social theorists alike from Chavs to the deprived to the socially excluded, all of which lead us to the same concept ‘The Underclass. It will then discuss different perspectives on the ‘underclass both into whether it truly exists and whether it i s the individuals or the welfare states fault. This essay will interrogate Murrays claims about the ‘underclass and explain how he is right on a descriptive level but totally wrong on an explanatory level. Furthermore it will look at media accounts of the urban poor and the fact that they are overwhelmingly liberal in orientation. Lastly it will look at the rise of neo-liberalism and the effect it has had on the poor in Britain. There have been many theorists which have researched the concept of the ‘underclass one of which who is highly recognised across Britain and the US is Charles Murray. Murray came to the UK in 1989 in search of an underclass and wrote an article in The Sunday Times about there being the foundations of an ‘underclass in British Society, this was widely contested amongst British sociologists and rejected. However this concept has now been widely researched and there has been increasing truth to Murrays (1990) article ‘The Emerging British Underclass. This article wrote in quite general terms about the ‘underclass and related it to trends of illegitimacy, crime and unemployment. His second essay written in 1996 ‘Underclass: The crisis deepens was preoccupied with illegitimacy, marriage and the state of the British Family. The concept of a traditional nuclear family reducing the chances of a child turning to crime has been one which has been researched heavil y. Although no conclusion has been reached it is still widely believed to be true. The term ‘underclass was derived by Ken Auletta in the 1980s to emphasise the behaviour and values of those deemed to be lower class. Murray (1996) attempts in great detail to show that he does not apply the term ‘underclass to all poor , only to those; ‘distinguished by there undesirable behaviour, including drug taking, illegitimacy, failure to hold down a job, truancy from school and casual violence,. Murray believes illegitimacy is the best indicator of an underclass in the making and the rising trend in illegitimacy therefore alarms him. He places a special focus on issues of violence as it becomes increasingly difficult to raise children to be un-aggressive when whole towns fall prey to criminality. However Alan walker offers a liberal view. He believes that Murray ‘blames the victim and thus diverts our attention from blaming the mechanisms through which resources are distributed. Victim blaming is the attitude which walker believes to have been at the root of many measures from Elizabethan Poor Law to todays ‘YTS and ‘restart programmes. There is the belief by Murray that there are two types of poor people, one of whom live on low incomes and another who dont just lack money . ‘There homes were littered and un-kept. The men in the family were unable to hold a job for more than a few weeks at a time. Drunkenness was common. The children grew up ill schooled and contributed a disproportionate share of the local juvenile delinquents. There are many other arguments about the underclass. Robert Moore suggested that despite his own misgivings; ‘a collective term such as the ‘underclass may be needed to refer to that group of marginalised migrant workers, refugees and asylum seekers, inner city ethnic minority populations and the very poorest who typically have little or no control over goods and skills either within or outside a given economic order. This coincides with Ralf Darendorfs view that the term ‘underclass is a ‘phenomenon of race here as well as the US. These are all rather liberal accounts of the underclasses and a view is taken that the majority of underclasses in both the UK and the US are ethnic minorities many of which are first r secong generation immigrants who have little or no understanding of the British Culture. Many of these minorities will live in poorer areas in which there children will fall victim to the culture of the ‘underclass. This culture includes getting involved with gangs, binge drinking and often leads to unprotected sex which would continue the cycle of the ‘underclass. The liberal accounts of the ‘underclass tend to focus on the pathological individual. This is that if they are poor and dont have a job it is there fault. Part of the pathological explanation suggests that it is the behaviour and attitudes of the underclass that have cut them off from normal society Murray being a strong advocate of this view, argues that welfare dependency has created a counter-cultural attitude that there is no need to work if one can instead receive state benefits or turn to crime instead. The opposing position suggests that the lack of full employment in the economy results in the unemployed and hence poverty. Here it is the failure of the structure rather than the individual themselves who can be blamed for the emergence of an underclass. Auletta refers to the underclass as a group who do not assimilate (1982: xvi quoted in Morris, 1994: 81), identifying four main groups: the passive poor, usually long term welfare recipients the hostile street criminal, drop-outs and drug addicts the hustlers, dependent on the underground economy but rarely involved in violent crime the traumatised drunks, drifters, homeless bag ladies and released mental patients In identifying these groups it can be seen that perhaps a different explanation for the underclass can be given for each grouping. However, in all four cases it could be argued that the underlying reason for the exclusion from society could be either pathological or structural. For example it could be argued that the passive poor are so because they hold the attitude that there is no need for work. The same group could also be said to exist because there are not enough jobs available in the economy for them to work. ‘The underclass as a phrase has shifted in emphasis since the 80s and this shift is partly in response to liberal commentators who suggested that the poor of the contemporary period are idle, jobless and criminal. ‘The underclass as a phrase became associated with blaming the poor for their marginalised social situation. Murrays claims are partly right at the descriptive level, but totally wrong at the explanatory level. There are many different reasons which could offer a far more reasonable explanation on the concentration of urban marginality today. Firstly the changing economy provides us with a number of reasons into why there is an underclass in the UK. Liberals and conservatives today tend to stress values like individual responsibility when considering such issues such as drugs, violence, teen pregnancy, family formation and the work ethic. Some critics readily blame welfare for poverty and find it hard to see how anybody even the poor would deliberately deviate f rom mainstream culture. With widespread joblessness many inner city people become stressed and there communities become distressed, poor people adapt to these circumstances as best they know, meeting the exigencies of there situation as best they can. The kinds of problems which cause moral outrage begin to emerge; teen pregnancy, welfare dependency and the underground economy. Its cottage industries of drugs, prostitution, welfare scams and other rackets pick up the economic slack. It is this underground economy which provides a means for these people as the regular economy cannot. Since 1997, the New Labour government has developed and administered contemporary social policy around the ideals of social inclusion. The Social Exclusion Unit (SEU), Welfare to Work and New Deal Programmes (1998) provide the chief manifestations of socially-inclusive policy. The SEU describes social exclusion as the short hand for what can happen when people or areas are suffering from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown (SEU, 2001: 10). The shift to social inclusion policy is a response to the need to prevent individuals at risk of exclusion from becoming excluded, according to the SEU: a need it proposes to address by, for example, resolving to reverse the growth in family breakups, teenage pregnancies and crime, and to reduce possible restrictions to an individuals economic opportunity. And, where necessary, policy should be designed with the aim of reintegrating those already excluded socially, through programmes such as the New Deal and Welfare to Work (ibid: 29). Bauman argues that the shift in social policy towards the language of social inclusion is a result of key economic trends in the West, leading to the growth of a population that has become surplus to labour-market requirements. Byrne argues that social-inclusion rhetoric is the surface-froth of the more fundamental shift to Post-Fordist patterns of capital accumulation, where those at the margins of inclusion and exclusion serve as part of the reconstitution of a reserve army of labour power. Clearly, Bauman and Byrne differ in their explanations: Bauman viewing the excluded as an unwanted surplus to the expansion of capital, and Byrne viewing the excluded as vital to capitalist expansion. For Bauman, contemporary changes in social policy are part of the wider shift of the welfare state away from policy directed at supporting the re-commodification of labour power. Capital accumulation up until the 1985 required the state to play its role in the provision of key resources, including housing, education, health and, when necessary, welfare payments to the unemployed. This, for Bauman, ensured the re-commodification of quality labour power and also secured a viable reserve army; both of which were essential for post-war capitalist expansion. Since the 1980s, argues Bauman, capital accumulation has become increasingly premised on the rationalisation of the use of labour power, and thus on the shedding of the labour force. As a consequence, the role of the welfare state has ch anged, moving towards means-tested and targeted benefits, and towards-via training and employment policies-catering for capitalisms need for insecure, low-quality labour power, and the disciplining of a growing surplus population. As Bauman observes, ‘The present-day stream-lined, downsized, capital-and knowledge-intensive industry casts labour as a constraint on the rise of productivity to such a degree that economic growth and the rise of employment are, for all practical intents, at cross-purposes; technological progress is measured by the replacement and elimination of labour (Bauman, 1998: 65). The shift in welfare-state priorities towards social inclusion signifies deeper changes in the re-commodification of labour power. In this context, the issue of social exclusion and the rhetoric of social-inclusion policy signifies the emergence of a surplus population which is no longer required by capital as a reserve army of labour. To be sure, a reserve army of labour still exists in non-Western, industrialised areas of the world. For the West, though, capital no longer requires a welfare state committed to the universal provision of key services and social needs, because the maintenance of a reserve army is no longer functional to capital accumulation. For Bauman; ‘The welfare state will become increasingly residual as social policy confines itself to organising the control and administration of a population increasingly isolated from the capitalist labour market. Government is haunted by the prospect of the homeless and disinherited flocking in and capital flocking out. (Bauman, 1998: 54) This, for Bauman, is the reason why social exclusion and social-inclusion policy predominates discourses on welfare. Baumans argument provides a useful explanation of the shift in social policy towards social inclusion. However, the hard-and-fast equating of social exclusion with a surplus labour force playing no role as a reserve army is both empirically and theoretically suspect. Bauman ignores the day-to-day realities of the capitalist system in the West, where the links between capitals demand for labour power and a surplus of unemployed remain of crucial importance. For Baumans proposition to hold, one must assume that those experiencing social exclusion have no connection with the labour market and the status of wage labour. Yet evidence does not support such a view. Evidence suggests ‘A degree of complexity, with people variously experiencing exclusion with no labour-market attachment, exclusion with some labour-market attachment, and inclusion with weak and/or strong labour-market attachments (Labour Market Trends: 2002). In other words the experience of exclusion is as likely to be one premised on the poor, unstable employment as it is as on unemployment and unemployability (Levitas, 1999). Evidence, suggests that labour power continues to function as a reserve army of labour, however attenuated this function might be. A more realistic proposition for Bauman to make might be that the surplus population is growing at a faster rate relative to its function as a reserve army of labour. In this case, those experiencing this situation have little choice, within the constraints of contemporary capitalism, but to remain unemployed and consequently, as Dinerstein suggests; ‘suffer the humiliation of having to beg for work and be in a permanent state of readiness to offer their labour power as a commodity. (Dinerstein, 2002) Media accounts of the urban poor are overwhelmingly ‘liberal in orientation. Many of which, are talking about dole cheats and young women getting pregnant for council houses. The Suns ‘shop a dole cheat campaign hails from the same intellectual tradition as Murray. Many media campaigns have victimised the poor and paved the way for the ‘Chav culture. This has been ridiculed and reported on in the press and on television. A number of attacks have been launched on television channels and there treatment of Britains working classes. It was seen to be not only patronising and offensive but also potentially dangerous. Reality television shows such as Wife Swap, Big Brother and the confessional Jeremy Kyle Show, which tend to rely on working-class participants in search of fame or fortune, were the focus of most criticism. But the portrayal of the working classes in comedy programmes such as Little Britain and dramas like Shameless were also debated. Ethnic minority groups are ‘excluded as a result of their position in the new economy. In this sense, marginalised whites have a lot in common with marginalised blacks. There is however the associated dynamic of discrimination- the most notable example is the place of Muslims in a post 9/11 western world- however, understanding the position of these groups is more about ‘moral panics and fear of otherness. The economic literature on discrimination tends to focus on the different treatment of individuals-based on race, gender, or ethnicity in labour, credit, and consumer goods markets. This is obviously a serious matter, and there is ample evidence in the United States and elsewhere that such disparities are real and quantitatively important as a source of inter group economic inequalities (Modood and others 1997; Wilson 1996). Nevertheless, when considering ethnic group inequality, economists should look beyond what happens in markets. Of course, economists tend to focus on how markets work or fail. Economic theory suggests that discrimination based on gender or racial identity should be arbitraged away in markets of competitive sellers, employers, and lenders. But such discrimination is readily observed in society, and this anomaly attracts attention. Critics of neoclassical economics seize on it, and defenders of that orthodoxy seek to explain it away. Thus evidence that wage differences between the races or sexes have declined, after controlling for worker productivity, is supposed to vindicate the economists belief in market forces. This way of approaching the problem is too narrow. With wages, for example, the usual focus is on the demand side of the labour market-employers either have a â€Å"taste† for discrimination or use race as a proxy for unobserved variables that imply lower productivity for minorities. The primary normative claim in this approach is that such discrimination is morally offensive, a legitimate object of regulatory intervention, and a significant contributor to racial and gender inequality. But implicit in this claim is the notion that if inequality were due to supply-side differences-in the Glenn C. Loury 233 skills presented to employers by blacks and whites, for example-the resulting disparity would not raise the same moral issues or give a comparable warrant for intervention. There is a comparable view in housing markets-that residential segregation induced by the discriminatory behaviour of realtors is a bigger problem than segregation that comes about because of the freely made decisions of market participants. I propose a shift in emphasis. In the United States market discrimination against blacks still exists, but such discrimination is not as significant an explanation for racial inequality as in decades past. This calls into question the conventional wisdom on equal opportunity policy-that eliminating racial discrimination in markets will eventually resolve racial economic inequalit y. Much evidence supports the view that the substantial gap in skills between blacks and whites is a key factor accounting for racial inequality in the labour market. Yet this skills gap is itself the result of social exclusion processes that deserve explicit study and policy remediation. ‘The gap reflects social and cultural factors-geographic segregation, deleterious social norms and peer influences, poor education- that have a racial dimension (Cutler and Glaeser 1997; Akerlof 1997) Group inequality such as that between blacks and whites in the United States cannot be fully understood, or remedied, with a focus on market discrimination alone. Liberals like Murray look at cultural characteristics of the poor as a means of explaining ‘social exclusion. They say the poor is poor because they are lazy, because they dont try at school, because they dont get married. In my opinion the real reason the poor are poor is because; There arent any meaningful jobs anymore for these social groups. The economy no longer needs everyone to work. The successive governments have allowed our welfare state to slowly degenerate. Mainstream society have been conned into believing that these people bring it on themselves. Charles Murray in 1989 used drop out from the labour force among young males, violent crime and births from unmarried women would all be associated with the growth of a class of violent unsocialised people who if they become sufficiently numerous will fundamentally degrade the life of society. This can be seen to be happening today with the creation of ‘chav culture. These ‘Chavs are usually working class and live on council estates and dress in sportswear hoodies, tracksuits and caps. They wear excessive gold jewellery and are seen to be aggressive and uneducated. There was a dramatic increase in unemployed males between 1989 and 1999 from 20.5% to 31.2% which has continued to till today. Drop out in the labour force was largest in the group who had the least excuses to work these were from ages 20 to 24. The economy was not to be blamed fully as overall national employment was lower in 1999 than in 1989. The percentage of men in school did not change appreciatiably and increases of people in higher education have been concentrated among young women and people of both sexes over the age of 30. Since 1994 the number of men in higher education has actually decrease and crime both violent and property are higher than of that in America since 1996. From the mid 19th century to the first  ¾ of this century Britain enjoyed being seen as the most civilised country on earth. The US in this same period was seen as a violent and unruly society with high levels of personal freedom but lower levels of civility. Other continents had low crime rates but a high level of authoritarian control, however Britain is now another high crime industrialised country. Violent crime is seen as impulsive behaviour by those who seek instant gratification of there desires which is part of a general lack of socialisation and is the hallmark of the ‘underclass. Over the last two decades British children have not been socialised to norms of self control, consideration of others, and the concept that actions have consequences. Murray states; ‘One of the leading reasons that they are not being socialised is that larger numbers of British children are not being raised by two mature married adults. He believes that there is not alternative form of family which comes close to the traditional nuclear family of two married parents. He believed that children of two married biological parents were found to do much better than the children of single parents and the children of divorced mothers were found to do better than the children of never married mothers. Illegitimacy is overwhelmingly a lower class phenomenon. However Melanie Phillips argues that it is in fact the overclass fault that we have a lower strata poor. Children from deprived areas sometimes dont know how to use a knife and fork; they dont know what an alarm clock is; because they have no sense of an ordered day. Primary school children who have no idea how to make social relationships but who are aggressive foul mouthed or withdrawn. The government has ambitious plans and programmes on how to tackle social exclusion, turning out papers on truancy, teenage pregnancies, repairing shattered communities. All of which are commendable however this all presents the socially excluded as a breed apart, as an underclass and if there behaviour is somehow different from the rest of society. Government advisors and officials and advisors talk about drugs for instance and they assume that the higher strata can handle cannibas and cocaine but the poor cannot. On education they say there is nothing wrong with the top 2% of schools the problems are with separate sink schools with high levels of truancy and low levels of basic literacy. On family th ey say ‘Im cohabit, Im a lone parent so there is nothing wrong with the changing family. Its the poor who are the problem. This is not only hypocritical and unpleasant but it fails to see how culture works: that signals matter, that they work top down and that what is supportive behaviour by the upper classes can have a disastrous impact on the poor who do not have the soft cushioning of money and privilege to fall back on. The culture of being a lone parent is in some ways created by the elites who lead by example through judges who generally give custody to women and demand monthly child support paid to single mothers who are now also receiving extra benefits and this is done through an increase in taxes on married couples. Surely reducing the males role to nothing but a walking wallet and sperm donor is causing men who are poor to run away from marriage. To understand the underclass is imperative in understanding poverty as a whole. But perhaps more important is the understanding that the underclass is simply a collective term used to refer to a group of individuals. By grouping these individuals together it is far too easy to make stereotypical judgements and statements which, whilst certainly applying to various members of the group, by no means hold true for each individual within. Indeed, it is with little doubt that many members of the underclass do cut themselves off from society due to their behaviours and attitudes, but there will be many who do not. Some people are born more disadvantaged than others take the disabled and elderly for example. Both of these groups can fall within a definition of the underclass they are often dependent upon the state and are in many ways excluded from certain aspects of society. It would take a radical commentator to suggest that either of these groups, and hence the whole of the underclass, are so due to their behaviour and attitudes.